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Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world with the total number of 18,108 islands according to the Indonesian Naval Hydro-Oceanographic office. The archipelago is on a crossroads between two oceans, the Pacific and the Indian ocean, and bridges two continents, Asia and Australia. This strategic position has always influenced the cultural, social, political and economic life of the country. The territory of the Republic of Indonesia stretches from 6008’ north latitude to 11015’ south latitude, and from 94045’ to 141005’ east longitude.
The Indonesian sea area is four times greater than its land area, which is about 1.9 million sq. km. The sea area is about 7.9 million sq. km (including an exclusive economic zone) and constitutes about 81% of the total area of the country. The five main islands are: Sumatra, which is about 473,606 sq.km in size; the most fertile and densely populated islands. Java/ Madura. 132.107 sq. km; Kalimantan, which comprises two-thirds of the island of Borneo and measures 539.460 sq.km; Sulawesi. 189.216 sq.km; and Papua, 421,981 sq.km which is part of the world’s second largest island: New Guinea. Indonesia’s other islands are smaller in size. The archipelago is divided into three groups.
The islands of Java, Sumatra and Kalimantan, and the small islands in-between, lie on the Sunda Shelf which begin on the coasts of Malaysia and Indo China, where the sea depth docs not exceed 700 feet. Papua which is part of the island of New Guinea, and the Aru Islands lie on the Sahul Shelf, which stretches northwards from the Australian coast. Here the sea depth is similar to that of the Sunda Shelf. Located between these two shelves is the island group of Nusatenggara. Maluku and Sulawesi, where the sea depth reaches 15,000 feet. Coastal plains have been developed around the islands of Sumatra. Java. Kalimantan and Papua. The land area is generally covered by thick tropical rain forests, where fertile soils are continuously replenished by volcanic eruptions like those on the island of Java.
The country is predominantly mountainous with some 400 volcanoes, of which 100 are active. Mountains higher than 9.000 feet are found on the islands of Sumatra (Mt. Leuser and Mt. Kerinci), Java (Mt. Gede. Mt. Tangkubanperahu, Mt. Ciremai, Mt. Kawi. Mt. Kelud, Mt. Semeru and Mt. Raung), Sulawesi (Mt. Lompobatang and Mt. Rantekombala), Bali (Mt. Batur and Mt. Agung), Lombok (Mt. Rinjani) and Sumbawa (Mt. Tambora). The highest mountain is the perpetually snow-capped Mandala Peak (15.300 feet) in the Jaya Wijaya mountain range of Papua. Many rivers flow throughout the country. They serve as useful transportation routes on certain islands, for example, the Musi, Batanghari, Indragiri and Kampar rivers in Sumatra: the Kapuas, Barito. Mahakarn and Rejang rivers in Kalimantan: and the Memberamo and Digul rivers in Papua. In Java rivers are important for irrigation purposes, i.e. the Bengawan Solo, Citarum and Brantas rivers. A number of islands are dotted with scenic lakes, like the Toba, Maninjau and Singkarak lakes in Sumatra; the Tempe, Towuti, Sidenreng, Poso. Limboto. Tondano, and Matana lakes in Sulawesi; and the Paniai and Sentani lakes in Papua.
Climate and Weather
Climate And Weather Indonesia is a tropical country, and the climate is fairly even all year round. The climate and weather of Indonesia is characterized by two tropical seasons, which vary with the equatorial air circulation (the Walker circulation) and the meridian air circulation (the Hardley circulation). The displacement of the latter follows the north-south movement of the sun and its relative position from the earth, in particular from the continents of Asia and Australia, at certain periods of the year. These factors contribute to the displacement and intensity of the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) which is an equatorial trough of low pressure that produces rain. Thus, the west and east monsoons, or the rainy and dry seasons, are a prevalent feature of the tropical climate.
The Main Seasons
There Is no such thing as an Autumn or Winter, the year being roughly divided into two distinct seasons, 'wet' and 'dry'. The climate changes every six months. The dry season (June to September) is influenced by the Australian continental air masses; while the rainy season (December to March) is the result of the Asian and Pacific Ocean air masses. The air contains vapor which precipitates and produces rain in the country. Tropical areas have rains almost the whole year through. The heaviest rainfalls are usually recorded in December and January. However, the climate of Central Maluku is an exception. The rainy season is from June to September and the dry season from December to March. The transitional periods between the two seasons are April to May and October to November. The transitional period between these two seasons alternates between gorgeous sun-filled days and occasional' thunderstorms
Temperature and Humidity Due to the large number of islands and mountains in the country, average temperatures may be classified as follows:
- coastal plains: 28C
- inland and mountain areas: 26C
- higher mountain areas: 23"C. varying with the altitude.
Being in a tropical zone, Indonesia has an average relative humidity between 70% and 90%, with a minimum of 73% and a maximum of 87%.
Fauna
Fauna Indonesia contains one of the world’s most remarkable geographical boundaries in its distribution of animals. This dates back to the glacial period when sea level fell all over the world. During this period the islands of Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan and Bali on the Sunda Shelf were joined together with one another and with the Asian mainland, but Papua.
Aru and the Australian continent of the Sahul Shelf were separated. This early geographical separation explains why the tropical animal species of Java. Sumatra and Kalimantan do not exist in Papua. For the same reason, the kangaroo of Papua is missing in the other region. Maluku, Sulawesi and the Lesser Sunda Islands, which lie between the Sunda and Sahul shelves, have a strikingly different fauna. Most of the eastern faunas do not exist in Sulawesi even though this island is close to Kalimantan, being just across the Makassar Strait.
Similarly, the animal species of Papua are not found on Seram and Halmahera. Papua’s closest neighbours. One possible reason for this is that Kalimantan and Sulawesi might have been separated by a deep straight at one point, while the great depth of the Banda Sea kept them apart during the glacial period. Some scientists have attributed the phenomenon to three faunal lines. ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE (1823-1913) wrote in his book, "The Malay Archipelago," that Nusantara was separated into an Oriental ecological area (west side) and an Australian ecological area (east side) by a Wallace Line that runs from South to North, passing the Lombok and Makassar Straits and ending in the south eastern part of the Philippines. The Weber line which passes the sea between Maluku and Sulawesi, and the Lydekker line which starts at the edge of the Sahul Shelf. Sulawesi Island is in a transition zone known as the Wallace Area.
The other two faunal lines are the Weber Line, which passes the sea be-tween Maluku and Sulawesi, and the Lydekker Line, which starts at the Sahul Shelf and skirts the western border of Papua and the Australian continent. Other scientists, however, prefer to call the area a "subtraction transition zone". The Directorate General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation adopted a national strategy on natural conservation whereby the entire ecosystem is conserved. This is necessary because it is often impossible to preserve wildlife outside its natural habitat. For ex-ample, the orangutan, which literally means "jungleman" (Pongo pygmaeus) and only lives in the jungles of Sumatra and Kalimantan, is very dependent on a primary forest habitat. For this purpose, the Directorate General, in cooperation with the World Wide Fund for Nature (W.W.F.), established "orangutan rehabilitation centers" to prepare illegally-captured orangutans for return to life in the wilderness.
The Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis), the world’s largest lizard, can grow to 3 meters long. Its home is on the Komodo group of reserves, which are composed of Komodo, Padar and Rinca islands, off the coast of Flores in the eastern part of the country. The "babi rusa". a deer-like pig (Babyrousa. babirussa). and the "anoa." a forest-dwelling dwarf buffalo, are among the interesting indigenous animals of Sulawesi. Other indigenous mammals of Sulawesi are the big civet cat called "musang" (Macrogalidia musshen-broeki): a species of the tersier called "binatang hantu," which literally means "spooky animal" (Tarsius spectrum), and several species of the black monkey or "monyet hitam" (Macacanigra). Among the vast variety of birds in Sulawesi, the Maleo fowl and the shrubhen are two notable species of the megapode family. Papua and Maluku are rich in colorful birds, varying from the big and unable-to-fly cassowaries (Casuarius) and the brilliantly-plumaged birds of paradise that belong to the family of Paradiseidae and Ptilinorhynhidae and number more than 40 species, to a large variety of birds from the parrot family.
Other members of Indonesia’s fauna include the hornbill bird, or "rangkong/enggang" of the Bucerotidal family, which is noted for its enormous horn-tipped beak. There are also the Sumatran tiger (Panthera Tigris Sumatrenesis) and the almost-extinct Java tiger (Panthera Tigris sondaica). The Mentawai Islands off the west coast of Sumatra are home to the "beruk." a relatively large monkey often trained to pick coconuts: and the "lutung." or black monkey, which lives on leaves. The "Badak Jawa" or one-horned rhino (Rhinoceros sondaicus) lives in Ujung Kulon National Park in West Java. but the smaller badak Sumatra or two-horned rhino (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) has its habitat in the Mt. Leuser National Park (the largest park in the country) located around the valley of the Alas river in Aceh, Indone-sia’s northern-most province. Other notable animals are the "banteng" or wild bull of Java (Bos javanicus); the tree kangaroo (Dorcopsis muelleri) of Papua; the fresh water dolphin (Orcacella brevirostris) of the Mahakarn river in East Kalimantan" and the proboscis monkey or "bekantan," also of Kalimantan. In addition, there is a great variety of birds, including egrets, herons, kingfishers, hawks, eagles and many others. There are also thousands of species of insects and a large variety of lizards and snakes. Tortoises and turtles, as well as exotic species of fish, crabs, mollusks and other aquatic animals, living both in salt and fresh water, are also found in great abundance. Indonesia is known worldwide for her ornamental fish species which are exported to the United States, Japan and Germany.
The species most noted for their beautiful colors and shapes include the clownfish (Amphiprion), damselfish (Dascyllus). wrasse (Cons gaimardi) and the Coris aygula, which abound in the Bali Strait. The most common species is the green wrasse iThalasoma lunare). The butterflyfish (ChaetodonUdae) has a small snout, but long-snouted butterflyfish are also found and include the Forcipiger longirostris and Chelmon rostratus. Another species, the bannerfish (He-niochus acuminatus) has backfins longer than its body length; and the Moorish idol or Zanclus canescens can measure 20 cm. Angelfish (Pomacanthus imperator), Pomancanthus semicirculatus; Pygoplites-diacanthus, and Auxiphipops navarchus, which belong to the Pomancanthidae family, are all collected for their beautiful colors. Surgeonfish (Acanthuridae) and Paracanthurus hepatus are very popular because of their distinguished bluish color, either beautiful species are the Acanthurus leucosternon, Zebrazoma veliterum and Naso literatus. Living a solitary life is the tiger fish or Balistidae.
Sea horses, or Hippocampus coronatus, of the syngnathidae family are also among the ornamental fish sought. Peacock fish, so named because of their long fins, include the pterois zebra, brachiopterus, volitans, ruselli, miles and radiata varieties. They all be-long to the Scorpanidae family. There are many more species of or-namental fish in Indonesia, far too many to mention all. Pearl oysters found in the country include the Pinctada maxima, the P. margaritifera and the Pteria penquin. lhese species grow in the waters around Halmahera Island, the Maluku and the Aru Islands in eastern Indonesia. The pearls are in great demand because of their large size and high quality. In Maluku pearl shells are collected and made into beautiful ornaments.
Flora
The rich flora of Indonesia includes many unique varieties of tropical plant life in various forms. Rafflesia arnoldi, which is found only in certain parts of Sumatra, is the largest flower in the world. This parasitic plant grows on certain lianas but does not produce leaves. From the same area in Sumatra comes another giant, Amor-phophallus tatinum, the largest inflorescence of its kind. The insect trapping pitcher plant (Nepenthea spp) is represented by different species in many areas of western Indonesia.
The myriad of orchids is rich in species, varying in size from the largest of all orchids, the tiger orchid or Grammatophyllum Speciosum, to the tiny and leafless species of Taeniophyllum which is edible and taken by the local people as a medicine and is also used in handicrafts. The forest soil is rich in humus which enables the luxu-riant growth of a multitude of fungi, including the horse hair blight, the luminescent species, the sooty mold and the black mildew. Indonesia’s flora also abounds in timber species. The dipterocarp family is renowned for its timber (meranti). resin, vegetable oil and tengkawang or illipe nuts. Ramin, a good-quality timber for furniture, is produced by the Gonystylus tree. Sandalwood, ebony, ulin and Palembang timber are other valuable forest products.
Teakwood is a product of man-made forests in Java. Because the flora is so rich many people in Indonesia have made a good living of this natural resource. About 6,000 species of plants are known to be used directly or indirectly by the people. A striking example in this modern time is the use of plants in the production of traditional herbal medicine or "Jamu". Flowers are indispensable in ceremonial, customary and traditional rites. To care for animals and plants in the country, the fifth of November was designated as the national Flora and Fauna Day. To foster the society’s love for its fauna and flora, the Komodo reptile (Varanus komodoensis) has been designated as Indonesia National Animal, the red freshwater Liluk/arwana (Scleropage formosus) as the Fascinating Animal and the flying Elang Jawa (Javan Hawk Eagle, Spizaetus barteisi) as the Rare (endangered) species. These decisions complement the previous designation of Indonesia’s national flowers.
Art and Culture
ART
Art forms are not only based on folklore. Most of them have developed in the courts of former kingdoms so that, like in Bali, they have become part of religious ceremonies. The famous dance dramas of Java and Bali are derived from Hindu mythology and often feature fragments from the Ramayana and Mahabharata Hindu epics.
Puppets of the wayang kulit shadow play are made of intricately carved and colorfully painted leather, while the wayang golek puppets are made of the light but strong arbasiah wood and dressed in batik wooden puppets. Both the wayang kulit and wayang golek theaters are operated by the dalang (puppeteer) who manipulates the puppets and makes them "speak" in different voices and accents according to character age and/or sex. Besides, the dalang must be at the same time a composer, improviser, producer, orator, singer, choir master, dance master and stage manager. Wayang golek and wayang kulit performances are accompanied by the Javanese gamelan musical instruments. The wayang kulit performance is very popular with the people in Central Java, while the wayang golek is generally performed in West Java.
The bamboo angklung musical instruments of West Java and the wooden kolintang of North Sulawesi are widely known. Another kind of musical instrument which is also attractive and unique is the sasando of East Nusa Tenggara. Sasando is a stringed musical instrument made of lontar leaves and is handled like a guitar. The Bataks of North Sumatra and the Ambonese of Maluku are known for their ability to sing to the accompaniment of the guitar.
Cave paintings, for the most part, of hand stencils but also of human and animal figures, assumed to be some 5,000 years old, are found in South Sulawesi andirian Jaya. The inner walls of some megalithic graves in the Pasemah highlands, southern Sumatra, contain colored paintings dating from about 100 AD. In the 14th century mention was made of painted scrolls of fine white bark-cloth used in wayang beber, one of the oldest forms of wayang performances.
The art of decorating cloth in the batik technique is a form of painting, for the molten wax is applied on the cloth with a canting, a pen-like instrument, though the colors are provided by dyeing. Early Javanese literature even refers to batikers as painters. The people of Central Sulawesi painted intricate symbolic motifs in bright colors on bark-cloth vestments by using vegetable dyes and bamboo brushes. Temple hangings, streamers, curtains and traditional astrological calendars in Bali are made of painted cloth or wood.
Balinese painting is characterized by its style of filling all space, its themes which are taken mainly from Hindu religious life, mythology and legend, and the absence of time, space and perspective. The founding of "Pita Maha" in the 1930s by Cokorde Sukawati from Ubud (Central Bali) together with Dutch artist Rudolf Bonnet and German painter Walter Spies, brought a dramatic revolution in Balinese painting.
Influence by these and other Western artists, Balinese painters came to use oils and to apply the concept of colors, perspective and the third dimension, and their subjects were no longer drawn exclusively from the traditional repertory, but scenes from everyday life began to emerge.
A brilliant exponent of "Pita Maha" was Gusti Nyoman Lempad, noted for his cremation towers and ink drawings. He died in 1978 at the age of 121. Works of art from Ubud, the center of local and foreign artists, were bright and vivid in contrast to those of the "Community of Artists" in which dark and sombre colors were dominant.
The "Community of Artists" was formed in 1969 by Dewa Nyoman Batuan at the village of Pengosekan (Central Bali), the home many artists who draw their subjects from nature and Balinese daily life.
Foreign artists apart from Walter Spies and Rudolf Bonnet, who have lived and painted or are still living and painting in Bali, include Hans Snel and Arie Smit from Holland, Spain's Antonio Blanco and Theo Meier from Switzerland. The present "Le Mayeur Museum" at Sanur, South Bali, was formerly the home of the late Belgian impressionist Le Mayeur and his Balinese wife Ni Polok, once a famous Legong dancer.
Indonesian painters came to be known late in the nineteenth century after Raden Saleh earned world fame on account of his naturalistic technique in paintings of animals and landscapes and his portraits in oils. Later, other naturalist painters followed such as Abdullah Surio Subroto and his son Basuki Abdullah, a renowned portrait painter, Pringadie, Hendra, Trubus, Omar Basalamah, Sukardji, Wahdi and others.
In 1937 Sudjojono and the brothers Otto and Agus Djaja founded PERSAGI (Indonesian Painters Association) whose members sought a synthesis of traditional and modern painting while developing a style of their own which was characteristically Indonesian. Other art groups came into being as "Seniman Indonesia Muda" (Young Indonesian Artists) and "Pelukis Rakyat" (Painters of the People). The leading man of the latter was category Affandi and artists of this group include Trubus, Nashar, Hendra Gunawan, and Sjafei Sumardja. Himself an expressionist, Affandi was said to have opened "a new way of expressionism". He was one of the few Indonesian artists to have participated in famous international exhibitions such as those of Venice and Sao Paolo.
During the Japanese occupation, Indonesian artists were recruited to make posters for propaganda. They did accept the orders and thus had the opportunity to develop their artistic abilities, and during the Revolution did not stop painting. Since many artists had joined the guerilla warfare, their paintings consequently bear witness of those turbulent days of the revolution, like Sudjojono's "Flight" and Surono's Frontline".
In 1947 a college for art teachers was set up in Bandung which in 1951 was incorporated into the Faculty of Fine Arts of the Bandung Institute of Technology. Other steps towards promoting fine arts in Indonesia were the founding of the Academy of Fine Arts in Yogyakarta (ASRI) in 1950 and the Jakarta Institute of Art Education (LPKJ) in 1968.
Primitivism, naturalism, obstructionism, expressionism and impressionism have all been displayed in Indonesian paintings, and Indonesian artists today are developing new forms and styles by using feathers, bronze, velvet, glass, banana-tree barks, cloves, etc. Recently "batik paintings" by which oils and canvas are replaced by the ancient wax-and-dye technique, have become popular. Contemporary batik artists are Amir Sapto Hudoyo, who has a gallery of his own, Kuswadji, Bambang Oetoro and the Sumatran Amri Yahya all of them domiciled in Yogyakarta.
For the development and appreciation of the fine arts, Balai Budaya (Hall of Culture) and Taman Ismail Marzuki (Jakarta Art Center) have been founded. Named after the late poet-composer Ismail Marzuki, the Art Center has four theaters, a dance studio, an exhibition hall, a number of small studios for contemporary artists and residential units for members of the administration.
Present-day painters are Mochtar Apin, But Muchtar, Srihadi Sudarsono, Popo lskandar, Abdul Djalil Pirous (calligrapher), Abas Alibasjah, Tom Harry, Cak Kandar and Jim Supangkat. Woman painters include Emiria Sunasa, the oldest of the group; Kartika, Affandi's daughter, Umi Dachlan, Sriyana Hudionoto, Agnes Julinawati, Nunung W.S. and Sisca Damayanti Soebyakto.
Indonesian crafts as one of the art products has various styles, patterns and designs, inherited from ancestors with various cultural backgrounds. Traditional or spiritual values from many tribes are reflected in the colors, forms and typical crafts from certain regions which display various meanings related to the ethnic or particular region of origin.
Woven cloth is found all over the country, with different motifs, patterns and colors according to their respective region. The noted songket and ikat weaving are made in Sumbawa, Flores, Kalimantan, South Sumatra, West Sumatra, and Bali.
Meanwhile, basketrys are found in virtually all parts of the country, and many places in Sumatra, Kalimantan and Sulawesi are wellknown for their rattan baskets. East Nusa Tenggara and Bali are famous for their plaiting of Iontar leaves, while Java is widely known for plait work of bamboo and pandanus leaves, in the form of baskets, bags, hats, mats, wallets and household articles.
Earthenware and ceramics have been developed more and more artistically throughout the archipelago Silverware is found in Kota Cede, Yogyakarta and Bali, while Sumatra and Sulawesi are famous for their filigree silver work.
CULTURE
Whilst unity has been a result of history, different cultures are based on many different ethnic groups found throughout the country which have maintained their traditions, languages and dialects. Protected by adat (customary law) which differs from one region to another, modernization is only a superficial veneer covering the daily life in the cities. Ultimately, adat is man's ties to his family and to his community and is applied to his way of life.
The Indonesian culture originated from the farming activities of the indigenous people. It was influenced by the waves of traders from India, China, Saudi Arabia and Europe which brought along their religious teachings. Western influence arrived with the Portuguese, who came in search of spices in the early 16th century and later with the arrival of British and Dutch merchants. The Hindu cultural heritage is also found in this archipelago, such as the Ramayana and Mahabharata epics which play an important role in the Indonesian culture.
Customs and traditions which have merged with religious teachings,* have brought about different ceremonies and festivities, which vary from area to area.
Candi is the Indonesian word for temple, the pronunciation of which is like that of "chancy" with "a" pronounced as in "father". It indicates the numerous stone monuments from Indonesia's classical period, and some remains are still intact today, particularly in Java, Sumatra and Bali.
The Hindu monuments in Indonesia were built by some rulers during their own life-time or by their descendants to perpetuate their memory. Some statues of Brahma, Shiva, Vishnu, Agastya, Dhurga and other godheads in the Hindu panthers in the candies are, in fact, also representations, perhaps even portraits, of former deified kings, portraying the bodies of the godheads but using the faces of rulers. In some cases the historical identity of the ruler is given in inspection about the dedication of the candi in question.
Different from the other houses of worship, the Buddhist sanctuaries were built as an act of faith and in order to obtain merit. Buddhist inscription on the monuments of Central Java are that of the Mahayana Buddhism. The great Buddhist effigies of Java are all connected with the. names of Shailendra kings.
The Indonesian government has been giving appropriate attention to the preservation and conservation of historical and ancient buildings. Restoration and conservation work of the Borobudur Temple, renovation of Kedaton Temple located in former Majapahit Trowulan and Kaibon Palace Inrated in Did Ranten.
Historically, due to strategic position, Indonesia had been occupied by foreign nations which brought their specific culture. As a result, many historical remains are found in several parts of Indonesia and they fill for the Indonesian people with pride while attracting foreign visitors to come to Indonesia. That is why the Indonesian Government pays great attention to the maintenance as well rehabilitation of those objects. The numerous large and small museums found in Indonesia represent a whole spectrum of the Indonesian life and history beginning from its earliest existence up to the present time.
The oldest and the country's most known museum is the Central Museum which is popularly called "Gedung Gajah," or Elephant Building, a name earned from a bronze elephant statue by King Chulalongkorn from Thailand when he visited Batavia (Jakarta) in March 1871, which is placed in front of the building. The museum, founded in 1778, is claimed as one of the finest in Southeast Asia, and houses the world's most complete collection of Indonesian artifacts.
Museums of natural history are found in Bandung and Bogor. Of equal scientific interest, though small, is the Sangiran Museum of paleontology and anthropology in Central Java. It houses prehistoric fossils found in the area, including those of the "Java Man" or pithecanthropus erectus and "Solo Man" or Homo soloensis.
The Fatahilah Museum is also a fine museum in Jakarta, housing various ancient furniture and guns as remains of the Dutch colonial government. The other museums found in Jakarta are the Satria Mandala Museum (displaying the national struggle), the Textile Museum (housing all of the Indonesian well known traditional cloths such as Batik, lkat, Songket, etc.) At the Beautiful Indonesia in Miniature Park (TMII) in Jakarta, the Government built various museum such as Museum Indonesia, Museum Prajurit, Museum of Insects, Museum of Sports, Museum of Oil and Gas, Museum of Telecommunications, Museum of Information, Museum of Stamps, Museum of Transportation, Puma Bhakti Pertiwi Museum, etc.
The Puma Bhakti Pertiwi Museum located at the left side of the TMII main entrance houses souvenirs as well as gifts received by the second President of the Republic of Indonesia, Soeharto both at home and during his visits abroad from heads of state/governments of foreign countries.
In the framework of museum enhancement, in fiscal year 1996/97 the Government erected the Surabaya's Empu Tantular Museum and La Galigo State Museum in Ujung Pandang, carried out seven mobile exhibitions as well as gave assistance to 23 private museums. In addition, the. Central Museum, as center of research, education and recreation, has been rehabilitated and completed with permanent array of exhibitions. Moreover, 12 exhibitions with specific themes have also been conducted along with the publication of folders and brochures.
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